The important site of drug administration is the parenteral method, which includes all forms of injections. Cheap; Generally safe route of drug administration The main routes of drug administration include: This is the most frequently used route for drug administration. It is the most common route of taking drugs. For small therapeutic molecules, various routes for drug administration are parenteral (intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous), oral, nasal, ocular, transmucosal (buccal, vaginal, and rectal), and transdermal. Drugs administered through this route must be highly lipophilic. Topical administration also include transdermal application where the substance is administered into the skin but it is observed into the body to attain systemic distribution. You will get here Advantages and disadvantages of routes of drug administration. Certain drugs are taken orally for their local effects within the bowel e.g., antacids for heartburn and ezetimibe for the reduction of cholesterol absorption. PO stands for per os, or by mouth. Completely write out the prescription, including the drug name and dosage regimen. The oral route is the most frequently used route for drug administration. A peripheral IV is preferred for drug and fluid administration unless central line access is already available. These advantages include safety, good patient compliance, ease of ingestion, pain avoidance, and versatility to accommodate various types of drugs (Sastry et al., 2000). 3. Nasal Route The main role of any route is to deliver the drug to the target part of the body so it can give its therapeutic effect. (vi) Administration of liquid medicament per rectum (enema). Syringes and ports 51 10. Most drugs that are given orally are absorbed into the circulation from the gastrointestinal tract very efficiently within the limits of the physicochemical properties of the drug concerned. Major routes are oral, parenteral and topical. The different forms of ayurvedic medicines Aasav, Arishta, Choorn / Churn, Ghrita, Gugullu, Kwaath / Kaada, Mandoor, Pishti, Rasrasayan, Avaleha, Parpati, Vati, Ghansatva, Lauh, etc. Administration within an artery or arteries. Intravenous Route Administration within the vitreous body of the eye. The three main parenteral routes of drug administration are IV, IM, and SC, and in all cases administration is usually via a hollow needle. These two categories also determine whether or not a drug stays in one area of the body (local effect) or absorbed by the vascular system to be distributed to body tissues (systemic effect). Administration within or into a vein or veins. 11. Oral administration is a route of administration where a substance is taken through the mouth. avoiding alimentary canal. Administering a drug through the IV route involves the introduction of a drug solution through a needle, directly into a vein. © 2020 Pharmapproach Limited. Sub-lingual route. Health and safety and clinical risk management 47 9. KnowledgeDose strives to help support healthcare professionals, trainees and university students in their everyday practices, studies and professional development. may require calculating the dose, looking up the diluents to be used, checking for IV drug compatibilities, preparation of IV drug and administering the injection, Easier to administer compared to the intravenous route, Variable drug absorption dependent upon the muscle group used and the blood flow to the muscle, Some drugs have a long duration of action e.g. Sometimes a drug is given through the skin—by needle (subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous route), by patch (transdermal route), or by implantation. The route of drug administration is simply defined as the path by which a drug is taken into the body for diagnosis, prevention, cure or treatment of various diseases and disorders. Whenever someone draws in on a cigarette, the smoke goes to the lungs and is then rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream. Rectal medication may be in suppository form or in liquid form to be administered as a retention enema. The oral route is the most frequently used route of medicines administration and is the most convenient and cost-effective (Dougherty and Lister, 2015). Here is the list of 5, 10+ outes of drug administration. The Food and Drug Administration receives more than 100,000 reports of medication … 21 B. A volatile drug has been administrated in this method. Drug therapy review 23 6. It is the best way to deliver a dose rapid ly and Drugs are applied topically, that is to the skin or mucous membrane of the eye, ear, nose, mouth, vagina, etc., mainly for local action. Enteral Route: Drug administration by mouth and tube feeding using nasogastric, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy tubes. The route of administration is the way through which the dosage form is administered into the body for treatment of various diseases and disorders. is sometimes used as a direction for medication to be taken orally. Sublingual and buccal routes are of value when the medication concerned is destroyed or partially inactivated in the stomach if swallowed and when a more rapid action is required. Administration within the peritoneal cavity. The oral route is the most frequently used route of medicines administration and is the most convenient and cost-effective (Dougherty and Lister, 2015). However, the routes of administration for proteins and peptides are limited because of their large size and structure. The important site of drug administration is the parenteral method, which includes all forms of injections. Routes of medication administration There are several different ways drugs can be administered. For a drug to produce its desired therapeutic effect, it must come in contact with the tissues of organs and cells of tissues by one way or the other; and for this to take place the drug must be administered in the … A. 1. Read more on Pulmonary Route of Drug Administration: Advantages and DisadvantagesÂ. Special slow-release matrices in some transdermal patches can maintain steady drug concentrations that approach those of constant IV infusion. Routes of Medication Administration. Drugs are introduced into the body by several routes. The drug is administered to or by way of the mouth.1 A drug given via this route is absorbed into the systemic circulation from the gastrointestinal tract. It may be in the form of tablets, capsules, syrup, emulsions or powders. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. It can be used as a drug delivery route for both. Drugs may be inhaled as gases (e.g., nitrous oxide) and enter the bloodstream by diffusing across the alveolar membrane. In C. Aguwa and J. Ogbuokiri (Eds. Dosage forms like the tablets, capsules, syrups, suspensions, emulsion are taken by this route. This website uses cookies. This is usually achieved by oral administration, but other routes are possible. Routes of Drug Administration. Unlike the oral route, drugs with irritant or unpalatable nature can be administered through the rectum. A route of drug administration is the path by which a drug or other substance is brought into contact with the body. The intramuscular (IM) route is given directly into the muscle (e.g. These may be classified as follows: Drugs administered orally are placed in the mouth and swallowed. Codes representing these Routes of Administration shall consist of three digits. salmeterol xinafoate) and pressurized metered-dose aerosols containing the drug in liquefied inert propellant (e.g. Another kind of route of drug administration is known as transdermal, or through the skin. The orally administered medicines are mostly absorbed in the small intestine, and to some extent in the sto… 5. Ocular Route Why some medications are made to be administered certain way. What are Routes of drug administration: 1. Oral: A majority of the drugs are administered orally as it is a convenient, safe and affordable route of administration. Parenteral administration is a route of drug administration devoid of oral route. $62.93 Bn Rheumatoid Arthritis Drugs Markets, 2027 by Drug Class, Route of Administration, and Sales Channel - ResearchAndMarkets.com The drug is rapidly absorbed from the buccal mucosa and enters the systemic circulation, thus avoiding first-pass metabolism. Dec 22, 2020 (Heraldkeepers) -- Pharmaceutical drug delivery ensures absorption of drug, increased efficacy and better patient experience. The lungs provide an excellent surface for absorption when the drug is delivered in gaseous, aerosol mist or ultra-fine solid particle form. Drugs are effective only if they reach their site of action. ET absorption of drugs is poor, and optimal drug dosing is unknown. The mouth route is the most commonly used route of drug administration due to the ease in which the drugs can be taken. The principal method of giving drugs is by mouth (oral route), and doses which are not otherwise specified are assumed to be oral doses. 2. 3) Sublingual. Parenteral route, on the other hand, refers to any routes of administration that do not involve drug absorption via the gastrointestinal tract (par = around, enteral = gastrointestinal), including injection routes (e.g., intravenous route, intramuscular route, subcutaneous route etc. 9. The most popular oral dosage forms are tablets, capsules, suspensions, solutions, and emulsions. Oral route is the most common route of drug administration. Regulations, Guidelines and Clinical Trials, Oral Administration of Drugs:  Advantages and Disadvantages, Buccal and Sublingual Routes of Administration: Advantages and Disadvantages, Rectal Route of Administration: Advantages and Disadvantages, Topical Route of Drug Administration: Advantages and Disadvantages, Pulmonary Route of Drug Administration: Advantages and Disadvantages, Parenteral Route of Drug Administration: Advantages and Disadvantages, Subcutaneous Route of Drug Administration: Advantages and Disadvantages, Intramuscular Route of Drug Administration: Advantages and Disadvantages, Intravenous Route of Drug Administration: Advantages and Disadvantages, Transdermal Route of Drug Administration: Advantages and Disadvantages, Quality Control Requirements for Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, How to Reconstitute Injectable Powder for Suspension [Step-By-Step Guide], List of Pharmaceutical Companies in Canada, Why You Should Give Your Product a Perfect Finish, Rotary Tablet Press (Multi-Station Tablet Press), National Agency for Food & Drugs Admin & Control, Journal of Pharmaceutical Development and Industrial Pharmacy. The drug is inhaled through the mouth and delivered into the lungs. 1) Oral. Aguwa, C. and Akah, P. (2006). When you take drugs by mouth and drug is absorbed from the GI tract. In addition, this route can also be used for a local effect (e.g. These routes however are not suitable for bitter preparations. Oral Administration mostly used Route of Drug Administration for all age’s patients. Common examples include oral and intravenous administration. November 21, 2020. in Pharmacology. A route of drug administration is the path by which a drug or other substance is brought into contact with the body. Different routes are Oral route, sublingual route, rectal route, parentral routes, subcutaneous, intravenous, Intramuscular. Medicines optimisation 61 Routes can also be classified based on where the target of action is. Routes of administration are generally classified by the location at which the substance is applied. tablets (immediate-release, enteric-coated, modified-release), capsules, granules, powders; Liquid dosage forms e.g. The oral route is considered as the first choice of route of drug administration as it is most convenient, cheap and usually a safe method of drug administration. 5. Administration within the cerebrospinal fluid at any level of the cerebrospinal axis, including injection into the cerebral ventricles. The oral administration route is preferred over the various other administration routes of drug delivery due to the many advantages it exhibits. 1) Via injection. When administering a drug, the nurse should ensure that the pharmaceutical preparation is appropriate for the route specified. Read More on Transdermal Route of Drug Administration. 3. Intravenous Route. prochlorperazine maleate, The taste of the buccal dosage form may not be liked by the patient, Immediate effect (suitable for emergencies), Achieves predictable and precise control over drug plasma levels compared to other routes, Requires trained medical/nursing staff to administer, Once injected, the drug cannot be recalled, Labour intensive and time-consuming e.g. The route of drug administration is simply defined as the path by which a drug is taken into the body for diagnosis, prevention, cure or treatment of various diseases and disorders. Table 1-2 describes many of the common routes of administration. Vaginal Route Although solid-dose forms such as tablets and capsules have a high degree of drug stability and provide accurate dosage, the oral route is problematic because of the unpredictable nature of gastrointestinal absorption. Also, this route can be used for systemic drug administration in addition to the local administration. For a drug to produce its desired therapeutic effect, it must come in contact with the tissues of organs and cells of tissues by one way or the other; and for this to take place the drug must be administered in the appropriate manner. Administration beneath the skin; hypodermic.  Synonymous with the term subdermal or hypodermal. Here the drug is given from routes other than oral i.e. The oral route of administration is the safest, most economical and the most convenient way of … In book: ADME Processes in Pharmaceutical Sciences (pp.97-133) Drugs for topical applications are usually available as creams, ointments, liniments, and drops. The choice of appropriate route in a given situation depends both on drug as well as patient related factors. poor manual dexterity, poor vision, Not all ocular dosage forms can be used with contact lenses, Usually requires less frequent application e.g. It is mostly used for the neutral drugs. Oral route. gluteus medius and deltoid). The local route is the simplest mode of administration of a drug at the site where the desired action is required. The transdermal route is commonly referred to as “the patch” because the medication is contained in a patch that is absorbed through the skin. What are routes of administration? Parenteral route refers to any route other than gastrointestinal, but is commonly used to indicate … There are several scenarios in which the rectal route of drug administration may become the route of choice due to one of the following characteristics: 1. Required fields are marked *. 7. The rectal mucosa is capable of absorbing many soluble drugs into the circulation. Here I describe the uses and characteristic adverse effects of commonly used routes of administration. The effect of the drug in the body is dependent on its absorption in the digestive system. Injection routes of drug administration are usually employed where: Read more on Parenteral Route of Drug Administration: Advantages and Disadvantages. When writing out a dose, do not use a trailing zero and do use a leading zero. The rectum is the ending portion of the large intestine, approximately 15 cm long, from the colon to the anal sphincters. For example, food in the gastrointestinal tract may alter the gut pH, gastric motility and emptying time, as well as the rate and extent of drug absorptio… This delivery route is particularly useful for the direct treatment of asthmatic problems, using both powder aerosols (e.g. Topical route: Drugs may be applied to the external surfaces, the skin and the mucous membranes. 1. Enteral Route: Drug administration by mouth and tube feeding using nasogastric, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy tubes. Drugs administered through this route include fentanyl patches for severe pain management, nitroglycerin transdermal patch used to prevent episodes of angina in people who have coronary artery disease, nicotine patches for cessation of smoking, etc. The Medication route is based on the form in which it is given to the patient. Choice of medication formulation Alimemazine (Trimeprazine) tartrate25 7. Examples of drugs administered through sublingual and buccal routes are nitro-glycerine (glyceryl trinitrate), buprenorphine, and desamino-oxytocin. Rectal route can also be preferred when the patient has persistent vomiting or is unable to swallow. Injectable preparations are usually sterile solutions or suspensions of drug in water or other suitable physiologically acceptable vehicles. When the systemic absorption of a drug is desired, medications are usually administered by two main routes: the enteral route and the parenteral route. Here, we review the fundamental routes of administration you need to know for the PTCB examination. 3 routes of parenteral drug administration. Systemic Routes Drugs administered by this route enter blood and produce systemic effects. When possible, it is the first choice for the administration of drugs, since it is both convenient and economical. Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. Routes of Drug Administration In addition to the variety of drug products in which a drug may be formulated, it's also important to understand that there are a variety of anatomical pathways, or routes of administration, through which a drug product may be administered. The name Parenteral come from “para”= aside + “enteral” = intestine. This route provides a high local concentration of the drug without affecting the general circulation. Read more on Rectal Route of Administration: Advantages and Disadvantages. In this part I deal with intramuscular and subcutaneous injection and in part 2 other routes. 2) Rectal. The legal and professional consequences of administering drugs via enteral feeding tubes 38 8. Otic Route ointments, creams, liquids, powders, solutions, shampoos, Systemic side effects/drug interactions avoided or reduced, Some preparations may be messy or difficult to apply, Some dermatological preparations are time-consuming to apply, Adverse drug reactions to excipients contained in the dosage form, May be difficult for some patients to administer themselves, This route may be considered time-consuming by the patient as they need to remain on their side/tilt the ear for a few minutes after instillation of ear drops, May cause temporary blurring of vision upon instillation of eye drops/ointment, Barriers to administration e.g. When a patient must be administered a drug in a medical setting, how does this occur? Injection or infusion of a drug that enters systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. flupentixol, Variable drug absorption dependent on blood flow, Only a small volume of the drug can be administered, Proper inhaler technique required for the drug to work maximally, Only a small number of drugs can be given via this route, Some nasal drops or sprays may lead to an unpleasant taste in the mouth, Can be used in patients unable to swallow, vomiting or unconscious, Dermatological preparations e.g. Drug Abuse Warning Network, 2011: National Estimates of Drug-Related Emergency Department Visits. Many medications are taken orally because they are intended to have a systemic effect, reaching different parts of the body via the bloodstream, for example. In the next few steps we will explore the pharmacokinetics of opioids, looking at the routes of administration, absorption, metabolism, excretion and principles of dosing intervals of opioids. Various routes of administrations play a marked role in the bioavailability of the active drug in the body. Volumes delivered can range from milliliter to liter quantities. You will get here Advantages and disadvantages of routes of drug administration. 0. In both cases, the drug is allowed to dissolve, avoiding swallowing as far as possible. A route of administration in pharmacology and toxicology is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison, or other substance is taken into the body. Then rapidly absorbed into the circulation after local administration may then have effects. Infection, pain, and emulsions suppository form or in Liquid form to administered! C. and Akah, P. ( 2006 ) body for treatment of aphthous ulceration of the common routes medication! S, Benet L ( 2002 ) the effect of route of drug administration is the path by which drug. Irritant or unpalatable nature can be used known as transdermal, or through the )... 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